Quiz 9 - Development
agricultural labor force - Where in the world is the majority of the labor force involved in agriculture? How much of the developed world is involved in agriculture?
Calorie consumption - What is average calorie consumption for the developed world versus the developing world?
Core-periphery model - A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region.
Cultural convergence - The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.
Dependency theory - A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.
Dependency ratio- a measure of the number of dependents, young and old, that each 100 employed people must support.
Development- A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Energy consumption - How does energy consumption in the United States compare to energy consumption in China? India? Developing world?
Foreign direct investment - the total overseas business investments made by private companies.
Gender - the social differences between mean nd women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex.
Gross domestic product (GDP) - an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.
Gross national product (GNP) - the total value of all goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within a country.
Human Development Index - Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
Ladder of development - theory by Rostow that assumes all countries can reach the same level of development and that all will follow a similar path.
Less developed country (LDC) - Also known as developing country, a country that is at a relatively early state in the process of economic development.
Measures of development - List the main ways to measure a country’s level of development.
Neocolonialism - The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) - A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country.
Rostow, W. W. - in 1960 proposed a widely cited model for economic advancement. Generalizing on the “sweep of modern history,” he theorized that all developing economies may pass through five successive stages of growth and advancement.
“Stages of Growth” model - model where economic development is based on the idea of successive stages of development. Each stage is seen as leading the next, though some regions or countries may take longer than others to make the transition from one state to the next. According to this view, now regarded as overall simplistic, places and regions can be seen as following parallel courses within a world that is steadily modernizing. Late starters will eventually make progress, but at speeds determined by their resource endowments, their productivity, and the wisdom of their people’s policies and decisions. The five stages are: 1. Traditional society, 2. Preconditions for Take-Off (commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry), 3. Take-Off (development of a manufacturing sector), 4. Drive to Maturity (development of wider industrial and commercial base), 5. High Mass Consumption.
Technology gap - The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
Technology transfer - The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.
Third World - Originally (1950’s), designating countries considered not yet fully developed or ina state of underdevelopment in economic and social terms.
Second World - Eastern communist bloc
First World - Western capitalist bloc
World Systems Theory - Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.