Quiz 14 - Urbanization N-Z

Neighborhood - a small social area within a city where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis.

Office Park - a cluster of office buildings usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city.

Peak land value intersection - the most accessible and costly parcel of land in the CBD and therefore in the entire urbanized area.

Planned communities - a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan. Several of the world's capital cities are examples, notably Washington, D.C. in the United States, Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, and Islamabad in Pakistan

Postindustrial (city) - a stage of economic development in which service activities become relatively more important than goods production; professional and technical employment supersedes employment in agriculture and manufacturing; and level of living is defined by the quality of services and amenities rather than by the quantity of goods available.

Postmodern urban design - a style characterized by a diversity of architectural styles and elements, often combined in the same building or project.

Primate city - a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country’s largest city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well.

Racialization - the practice of categorizing people according to race, or of imposing a racial character or context.

Rank-size rule - in a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

Redlining - a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be a high risk for housing loans.

Restrictive convenants - a statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property.

Sector model - a description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward form the CBD along transportation corridors; the radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high-status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges.

Settlement forms:

nucleated - a relatively dense settlement form.

dispersed - a type of settlement form where people live relatively distant from each other.

elongated - a settlement that is long and narrow.

Shantytown - unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Shopping malls - a building or set of buildings that contain stores, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk form store to store; the walkways may be enclosed.

Site - the local setting of a city.

Situation - the regional setting of a city.

Slum - a district of a city or town which is usually inhabited by the very poor or socially disadvantaged; can be found in large cities around the world; now interchangeable with ghetto, however, a ghetto refers to a neighborhood based on shared ethnicity; different from favelas or shantytowns in that they consist of permanent housing rather than less-durable shacks of cardboard or corrugated iron or newspaper.

"social stratification" -  which refers to the idea that society is separated into different strata, according to social distinctions such as a race, class and gender. Social treatment of persons within various social structures can be understood as related to their placement within the various social strata.

Diagram the following Street Patterns:

a. grid b. dendritic c. controlled access

Suburb - a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city; many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

Suburban downtown - significant concentration of diversified economic activities around a highly accessible suburban location, including retailing, light industry, and a variety of major corporate and commercial operations.

Suburbanization - movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions. In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Symbolic landscape - landscapes that express values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture.

Threshold - in central-place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible.

Range - in central place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service.

Underclass - a subset of the poor, isolated from mainstream values and the formal labor market.

Underemployment - a situation in which people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours.

Urban form - the physical structure and organization of cities.

Urban hearth area - a region in which the world’s first cities evolved.

Urban heat island -

Urban hierarchy - a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function, e.g., hamlet - village - town - city - metropolis.

Urban morphology - the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings.

Urbanization - the proportion of a country’s population living in a n urban area; the movement of people to, and clustering of people in, towns and cities--- a major force in every geographic realm today; occurs when an expanding city absorbs the rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs; in the case in the developing world, this also generates peripheral shantytowns.

Urbanized population - the proportion of a country’s population living in cities.

Urban sprawl - unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

World city - one of the largest cities in the world, generally with a population of over 10 million. 

List all the cities in the world with a population of over 10 million.

Zone - area of a city with a relatively uniform land use, e.g., an industrial area or  residential area.

Zone of transition - an area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD.

Zoning laws - legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.