Quiz 11 - Industrialization A-I

acid rain - created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as rain, snow, or fog.

agglomeration - the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit; the concentration of productive enterprises for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access.

agglomeration economies - (syn: external economies) the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.

air pollution - Where in the world is air pollution a major environmental problem? Why?

aluminum industry (factors of production, location) -  Massive charges of electricity are required to extract aluminum from its processed raw material, aluminum oxide. Electrical power amounts for between 30% and 40% of the cost of producing the aluminum and is the major variable cost influencing plant location in the industry. The Kitimat plant on the west coast of Canada or the Bratsk plant near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia are examples of industry placed far from raw material sources or market but close to vast supplies of cheap power--- in these instances, hydroelectricity.

Bid Rent Theory - different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center.

break-of-bulk point - a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another; a location along a transport t route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.

Canadian industrial heartland - the St. Lawrence Valley - Ontario Peninsula. The region has several assets: centrality to the Canadian market, proximity to the Great Lakes, and access to inexpensive hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls.

commodity chain - series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

comparative advantage - the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other area, assuming free trade exists.

circular and cumulative causation - a process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less advantaged peripheral regions.

deglomeration - the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

deindustrialization - the cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

economic base - the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city’s labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population.

economies of scale - cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output.

ecotourism - responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people.

energy types - renewable: hydropower, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, biofuels, wave/ tidal; nonrenewable: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear (some classify as renewable?)

entrepót - is a trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit. This profit is possible because of trade conditions, for example, the reluctance of ships to travel the entire length of a long trading route, and selling to the entrepôt instead. The entrepôt then sells at a higher price to ships traveling the other segment of the route. This was especially true in the Middle Ages. There was demand for spices, but a long trade route led to a much higher market price than the original buying price. This led to an attractive profit for those who bothered to travel the entire route constantly.  Singapore, Hong Kong and the Cape of Good Hope were prominent examples in history and still are today to varying degrees.

export processing zones -  (EPZ’s) designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production.

fixed costs - an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant.

footloose industry - a descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.

Fordism - The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques.

Four Tigers - refers to the economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore.

Greenhouse effect - anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

growth poles - economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

Heartland / Rimland Theory - a geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. He further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast “heartland” to the east.

industrial regions - 1. Eastern North America, 2. Northwestern Europe, 3. Eastern Europe, and 4. East Asia

Industrial Revolution - a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in manufacturing process.

infrastructure - (or fixed social capital) the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity.

international division of labor - the specialization, by countries, in particular products for export.

international organization - group that includes two or more states seeking political and/or economic cooperation with each other.